I'm guessing with your process of elimination, there is one more step. Verify there is nothing physically blocking on the USB port on the laptop. I know it sounds unusual, I've had lint end up in the usb C port on my macbook pro just enough to where the contact wasn't working. So I had to get a magnfier and a plastic toothpick and I fished it out and it worked again. I'm not saying this is what happened with yours but a physical inspect is easy. The only other thing that I didn't see you mention was taking a known good USB stick, different than the one you're trying to work, plug it in and see if it works. If it doesn't then you know the port is not working as it should. I would try that.
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